The Case Of Brian Keith Rose Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Case Of Brian Keith Rose - Term Paper Example Rose was initially charged in State court in Baltimore County though evidence in the form of a partial fingerprint was thrown out by a Baltimore County Judge. The United States Attorney took over the case after Judge Souder’s October 2007 ruling. Souder’s ruling was based on the fact that technique used to analyze the fingerprints was not scientifically reliable. State charges against Rose were then dropped and the case was re-filed in the US District Court (Brendan, 2010).MD Rule 5-702 requires that latent fingerprint identification methods rest on reliable factual foundations and in this case the ACE-V method used was not proved to be reliable and factual in State Court. Initially no latent fingerprints were identified by the crime lab and homicide Detectives suggested several names of suspects to the crime lab. At that time these names, including Brian Rose, were compared to the latent print recovered. Both sides in this case requested that the Court determine the re liability of the ACE-V methodology, hence allowing or disallowing the latent prints as evidence. The defendants contended that the ACE-V is not a method which has been scientifically tested, thus the error rate is unknown. Without an error rate it is impossible to know the reliability of this methodology. A fingerprint is in essence a reproduction of friction ridge formations of the surface of a finger, left by the transfer of oil or other matter between the finger and the object. These ridges form before birth.

Medieval Universities Essay Example for Free

Medieval Universities Essay The English universities were one of the most significant creations of Medieval England. The scholars who attended eitherOxford or Cambridge Universities set an intellectual standard that contrasted markedly with the norm of Medieval England. Oxford University came into being some 20 years before Cambridge University. The church had a major impact at Oxford. The town came within the diocese of Lincoln, yet Oxford had its own archdeaconry. It was the input of the church that led to the first recorded student/university authority clash at Oxford. The universities led to major growth in both Oxford and Cambridge as towns and both became important centres. No-one is quite sure why Oxford was chosen as the town for England’s first university – however, the town had a number of distinct advantages. Oxford was the centre of communications within its region and both royalty and foreign scholars frequently visited the town. There were also many religious houses/centres around the town and the agricultural land was rich and farming did well at this time. Oxford was considered to be in a civilised part of England – it was near to London and getting to Europe was not necessarily a major journey. Oxford also held strategic importance, which led to the building of a castle there. In 1167, a quarrel between Henry II and Thomas Becket led to a temporary ban on English scholars going to study in France. For whatever reason, scholars and academics gathered in Oxford to continue with their work – fifty of them. As journeying to the university in Paris was not allowed, more scholars and academics arrived in Oxford. Sometime after 1167 Giraldus Cambrensis visited Oxford and started teaching there. He taught three times a day. He took poor students for lectures; he then taught academics from different faculties, and lastly he taught knights and the likes. His clientele became larger than the ‘normal’ monastic or cathedral school. In 1180, Prior Philip of St. Frieswade, Oxford, recorded that a scholar had left his family in York to study at Oxford. Within twelve years, the importance of a good education was clearly having an impact. In 1192, Richard of Devizes wrote â€Å"Oxonia vix suos clericos, non dico satiat, sed sustenat.†| Richard was basically stating that there were so many scholars in Oxford that the town could barely feed them. By 1209, it was estimated that there were 3,000 students in Oxford. It was also in 1209 that students in Oxford started to migrate to Cambridge. This occurred after some students killed a woman in Oxford. At this time, King John and Pope Innocent III were quarrelling over a new Archbishop of Canterbury. Innocent put England under an interdict. With such worries, John had few thoughts for students in Oxford. He gave his permission for the execution of three students in Oxford involved in the woman’s death. However, in the delay that took pace, the students fled to Reading, Cambridge of Paris. Others followed to Cambridge and by 1284, Peterhouse College was founded. Unlike the great university of its time – the university in Paris – Oxford was not connected to either a cathedral or a religious house. The Sorbonne was supervised by ecclesiastical men while Oxford was supervised by masters, though these were usually in holy orders. Regardless of this, Oxford developed with a degree of practical independence. By the end of what is considered to be Medieval England, the following colleges had been created at Oxford – University College, Balliol, Merton and Exeter. In Cambridge, Peterhouse College was created. Student life in both towns was to transform Oxford and Cambridge. The lifestyle of the students was to frequently bring both universities into conflict with the church.

Tata Motors International Business Strategy

Tata Motors International Business Strategy Tata Motors Tata motors is an Indians largest multi-holding company. It was established in 1945. This company caters to three market segment internationally. The passenger cars, Utility vehicles and commercial vehicles. The company produced the first mini-truck, first light and heavy vehicles and many more firsts in India, being an inventor in their industry. Tata motors has entered into strategic acquisition and joint ventures in its mid stage and launched new products at a rapid pace in various markets. Now a days, Tata motors enjoys the position of being Indians leading auto-mobile manufacturer with increasing presence in Europe, South East Asia, Africa, Australia, and the middle East with a total more of US $ 4 billion. The company focuses on providing customers the best value for their money meets European standards and environmental regulations through their advance technologies. A newer version of the car, named Indica V2, was a major improvement over the previous version and quickly beca me mass favourite. In United Kingdom a badge engineered version of this car was sold (Rover City Rover), which was big failure and declared the worst car ever driven on BBC Top Gear show. Tata motors also successfully exported large quantities of the cars in South Africa. The success of Indica in many ways marked the rise of Tata Motors. The proposal will include the current position of Tata motors and its international expansion, what are the things they have done to be successful? What are their weaknesses? How can they improve. Marketing factors effecting Tata motors. The companys Swot analysis, its Boston matrix, Its market planning and strategy will all be included in the proposal. (Yadong Lou 1999) suggests International Expansion is a process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a global-spanning network of communication and trade. This report would not only define how Tata motors and tea expanded internationally but also what are the reasons of organisations to globalise, how complex this expansion is actually as it may seems to be mouth watering because of high profits and economies of scale but in practise it is not that easy. It is important to understand why Tata Motors did expand, though companies in the international arenas have experienced many benefits, however the complexity of the international business also brings a lot of risk with it. For Tata motors to justify international business activities, therefore, relied on the below reasons. International customers : Tata motors wanted to continue serving his customers who became international. To make them feel the same as when they were in the home country. New expanded market : New different market was available outside their home country; additional resources including management, skills just to name the few. Increase sales: Tata motors wanted to increase the sales of his vehicles. Because of this they had to go into markets where consumers had a very strong purchasing power. And also to industrialise courtiers where products such as heavy commercial vehicles were needed or demanded. Generally international expansion is not easy as it may sound since many factors have to be taken in to account. For example Tata motors started from India with an international view but faced problems like political new countrys legislation and laws. For example Nanos launch in October maybe delayed due to political issues related to plant land. Reference Free research report for 1Q 09 results. It should be taken in to account that Plant of Tata motors in India would be much more cost beneficial rather than a plant in Europe as there would be a difference in minimum wage laws. So to decide where a plant should be build lot of thinking is required. Economic factors were also taken in to account, since different countries would have different per annum income of the people hence to produce cars that would be affordable. Recession has not hit the third world countries as such but has hit European countries to much more effect so different international strategy is required. One of the reasons of Tata motors success is that they faced such challenges successfully. As it is shown above Tata motors expanded with consideration of a lot of factors and proved to be successful. To understand the concept it is important to know how did they market their products, what their planning was? What marketing strategy did they use. Marketing: Marketing is the process by which companies create value for customers and build strong customer relationships in order to capture value from customer in return. Tata motors market their product differently when producing in different regions. (Gary Armstrong 2009) Market targeting is a process of evaluating each market segments attractiveness and selecting one or more segments to enter. Segmentation is dividing into distinct groups of buyers who have distinct needs, characteristics, or behaviour and who might require separate products or marketing programmes. As the Tata Group is a worldwide concern operating in more than 100 countries with thousands of products, there is almost no industry which seems to be untouched by the group. The focus of Tatas market entry will be UK. There were several reasons for selecting UK as the target market. These favourable factors were the status of India as the favourable economic agent, UK Car market dynamics and potential, language similarity. The other countries which were considered as potentially attractive were: the USA the largest market size in the world, Russia emerging market with significant sales potential. The option of the USA as target market was declined due to extremely high quality require ments and other non-tariff barriers which make it hard for a new entrant to enter this market ÂÂ   (Roger A. Kerin 1994) Through strategic planning, the company decides what it wants to do with each business unit. Market planning involves deciding on market strategies that will help the company attain its overall strategic objectives. A detailed marketing plan is essential for each business, product or brand. The plan begins with an executive summary, which quickly overviews major assessments, goals and recommendations. Tata Nano is the cheapest car in the world. It is sold in home country India around Rs 1-lakh i.e. approximately USD 2000. Tata Nano was first launched in India on 1st April 2009 and expected to be in Indian market by July 2009. Since launching, it has created a huge buzz all over India. Within the first two days of lunching, it has received 5500 booking. The figures keep increasing every day since the launching. What makes Tata Nano so cheap? Basically, by making things smaller, lighter, do away with superficial parts and change the materials wherever possible without compromising the safety and environmental compliance. It is said that Tata Nano has better mileage than Toyota Prius and same gas emission as a scooter. The planning of this car is that it will be imported to Malaysia in parts by Tata motors and is assembled in its two assembly plants. There are forty sale offices in Peninsular Malaysia nationwide. All Tata Nano cars will be distributed through these sale offices only. Order can be made vide these distribution centres or its web site. (Robert.E) Market strategy: Market strategy outlines the broad marketing logic by which the business hopes to achieve its marketing objectives and the specifics of targets markets, positioning, and marketing expenditure levels. How will the company the company create value for customers in order to capture value from customers in return? This section also outlines specific strategies for each marketing mix element and explains how each responds to the threats, opportunities and critical issues spelled out earlier in the plan. Product: Over the years Tata Motors have been successful in creating their brand image especially they use some famous stars as their spokesman. Other important marketing strategies are such as the packaging, innovations, and quality control. Tata Motors provide many innovative features to attract car lover. One of these innovations is the Tata Safari 4X4 Decor that has Reverse Guide System. A weather-proof camera is fixed to the rear car to help the driver while reversing the car. Pricing strategy: There are number of factors to determine the price of the car. Factors include like market condition for example it cannot be too low or too high with the prices of same vehicles of the competitors. Giving discount every month and special promotion for certain type of vehicle also one of the strong strategy use by Tata Motors. Discount can be made from Companys profit or from dealers profit at certain range. Place: It includes the company activities that make the product available to target customers. Channels of distributions, locations and sales is usually adopted. Vehicle should be distributed in a systematic way, from the plant to dealership and to end user. Tata Motors has an extensive dealer network covering Indian and International markets. Wherever you are, there is a Tata Motors Sales and Service dealership close to you Promotion: Personal selling: There is cold calling to customer, this is done by collection of customer data bases done by the sales officers. Hence there is minimum personal selling involved. Advertising is any paid form of non personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods or services by an identified sponsor. It is designed to promote the sale of a product or service. The various media that can be used for advertising are T.V, Newspaper, Magazines, Hoardings, and Internet etc. Tata Motors is responsible for the advertising of its products. The dealer conducts point-of-purchase displays to advertise the products. The advertisements done by the Co. help the dealer to capitalize on the market. Advertising is often used to make consumers aware of a products special low price or its benefits. But an even more important function of advertising is to create an image that consumers associate with a product, known as the brand image. The brand image goes far beyond the functional characteristics of the product. The products of Tata Motors have many special characteristics to them, but when consumers think of it, they not only think of its features, but they may also associa te it with quality, performance, and class. All of these meanings have been added to the product by advertising Sales promotion is a short term incentive to encourage the purchase or sale of a product or service. Its purpose is to supplement and coordinate advertising and personal selling. It is designed to persuade consumers to purchase immediately by providing special incentives to them for example extra product, prizes or gifts. During festivals such as diwali customers are given festive discounts. Public relations is building good relations with the companys various publics by obtaining favorable publicity, building a good corporate image, and handling or heading off unfavorable rumors, stories and events. The Co. takes serious measures to maintain good public relations. The Co. follows business ethics to ensure that the customer is satisfied and receives good service whenever and wherever he desires.(Edmund Jerome McCarthy). SWOT ANALYSIS: SWOT analysis helps a firm in strategy formulation, in responding strategically to the environment, the goal is to reduce identified threats and take advantage of the best opportunities. The following is the SWOT analysis of Tata motors Strengths The internationalisation strategy so far has been to keep local managers in new acquisitions, and to only transplant a couple of senior managers from India into the new market. The benefit is that Tata has been able to exchange expertise. For example after the Daewoo acquisition the Indian company leaned work discipline and how to get the final product right first time. The company has a strategy in place for the next stage of its expansion. Not only is it focusing upon new products and acquisitions, but it also has a programme of intensive management development in place in order to establish its leaders for tomorrow. The company has had a successful alliance with Italian mass producer Fiat since 2006. This has enhanced the product portfolio for Tata and Fiat in terms of production and knowledge exchange. For example, the Fiat Palio Style was launched by Tata in 2007, and the companies have an agreement to build a pick-up targeted at Central and South America. Weaknesses The companys passenger car products are based upon 3rd and 4th generation platforms, which put Tata Motors Limited at a disadvantage with competing car manufacturers. Despite buying the Jaguar and Land Rover brands (see opportunities below); Tata has not got a foothold in the luxury car segment in its domestic, Indian market. Is the brand associated with commercial vehicles and low-cost passenger cars to the extent that it has isolated itself from lucrative segments in a more aspiring India? Opportunities In the summer of 2008 Tata Motors announced that it had successfully purchased the Land Rover and Jaguar brands from Ford Motors for UK Â £2.3 million. Two of the Worlds luxury car brand have been added to its portfolio of brands, and will undoubtedly off the company the chance to market vehicles in the luxury segments. Tata Motors Limited acquired Daewoo Motors Commercial vehicle business in 2004 for around USD $16 million. Nano is the cheapest car in the World retailing at little more than a motorbike. Whilst the World is getting ready for greener alternatives to gas-guzzlers, is the Nano the answer in terms of concept or brand? Incidentally, the new Land Rover and Jaguar models will cost up to 85 times more than a standard Nano! The new global track platform is about to be launched from its Korean (previously Daewoo) plant. Again, at a time when the World is looking for environmentally friendly transport alternatives, is now the right time to move into this segment? The answer to this question (and the one above) is that new and emerging industrial nations such as India, South Korea and China will have a thirst for low-cost passenger and commercial vehicles. The range of Super Milo fuel efficient buses are powered by super-efficient, eco-friendly engines. The bus has optional organic clutch with booster assist and better air intakes that will reduce fuel consumption by up to 10%. Threats Other competing car manufacturers have been in the passenger car business for 40, 50 or more years. Therefore Tata Motors Limited has to catch up in terms of quality and lean production. Sustainability and environmentalism could mean extra costs for this low-cost producer. This could impact its underpinning competitive advantage. Obviously, as Tata globalises and buys into other brands this problem could be alleviated. Since the company has focused upon the commercial and small vehicle segments, it has left itself open to competition from overseas companies for the emerging Indian luxury segments. For example ICICI bank and DaimlerChrysler have invested in a new Pune-based plant which will build 5000 new Mercedes-Benz per annum. Other players developing luxury cars targeted at the Indian market include Ford, Honda and Toyota. In fact the entire Indian market has become a target for other global competitors including Maruti Udyog, General Motors, Ford and others. Rising prices in the global economy could pose a threat to Tata Motors Limited on a couple of fronts. The price of steel and aluminium is increasing putting pressure on the costs of production. Many of Tatas products run on Diesel fuel which is becoming expensive globally and within its traditional home market. These all factors held lot of importance for Tata motors to expand inte rationally. (Peter Jackson 1982). The strategic positioning of an organization admits the inventing the desired future position of the organization on the groundwork of present and predictable exploitations, and the constructing of programs to realize that positioning. Strategic positioning can be analysed by Porters SWOT analysis approach and Boston Consultants Group (BCG) Matrix (See Figure 2). BCG Product portfolio matrix indicates the Cash Cows refers to the industries with a high market share and low growth such as Power (Energy), Steel and Oil Gas. Dogs refer the industries with low market share and low growth such as Tata Sky, Tata Tele services etc. the stars shows the industries such as Automotive, Tea, and Chemicals with high market share and high growth. However; the each industry position in the matrix is an opportunity open to business (Sutherland and Canwell, 2004, p 16; Stacy, 1993, pp 48-49, Thompson, 2002). For example; in cash cows, Tatas acquisition with Corus (UK) and gained a big share of market . In stars Tatas acquisition of Daewoo (Korea) and achieved a high market share in the Korean automobile market. Figure: 2 Tata motors takes in to account the value proportion of what is proposed in the market and also make sure that target customers segments also are addressed by the value proposition. For example; the Tatas recent announcement, of launching the cheapest cars for the Indian market for the target market of two wheeler owners such as motorcycle and scooter. Tata motors has developed effective distribution channels to reach the customers and to develop relationship with them (David Mercer)It is very important for a company like Tata motors which is a global company that it considers its environment before beginning the marketing process. In fact, environmental analysis should be continuous and feed all aspects of planning. The macro environments that can affect Tata motors include political, economical, Socio cultural and technological factors. Political arena: Political arena can have a lot of influence upon the regulation of businesses and also one the spending power of the consumers and other businesses. The political factors that can affect Tata motors are, strong tax incentives for inbound investors, different countries would have different laws so company has to take in to account what they are dealing with, strong motivation and trust, there was a negative effect on the IT industry after 2009 because the governments initiative of Tax holiday under STPI expires (Thinking street 2007) In order to be successful marketers need to consider the state of a trading economy both in the long and short term. It would be essential when Tata motors plan to do international marketing. As interest rates, Inflation, employment level per capita and gross domestic product per capita would all play important roles. Tata motors would also be affected by competitive labour cost model and highly mobile work force. Social and cultural factors: Social and cultural factors influence the business varies from country to country. It includes factors like, dominant religion in the area? The attitudes to foreign products and services? How much effect language has upon the diffusion of products onto markets. Technology: Technology is one thing which is very important in the car industry. Since technology will give Tata motors a competitive advantage over others and is a major driver of globalisation. For example technology can allow the products to be made cheaply hence reducing cost and increasing revenues, It offers new innovative products to the consumers that will make sure that the product dont get obsolete, Tata motors internet site provides all the information about the cars, 3d view and videos can be seen making information easily accessible to the consumers. It also adds the concept of customer relationship manager who will be in touch with the consumers even after the car has been purchased. Thus consumer will feel themselves part of the organisation. So to be competitive Tata motors have to do strong R D culture and facilities, strong tie-ups with western technology companies and be adaptive to new technologies. The various motives behind buying an automobile are Need, Prestige, Comfort, Fashion, Jealousy and Novelty. The R D Department continuously strives to bring new innovations in their product. Tatas have an industrial experience of over 100 years and they are well known with the Psychology of Indian customers, who desire more at less price. This experience has helped them to develop products which fulfil the expectations of Indian consumers. Porters 5 Forces Analysis: Porters 5 forces analysis deals with the factors outside an industry that influence the nature of competition within it. According to Porter (1985), competition is at the core of the success or failure of firms. The intensity of rivalry will determine the extent to which competing companies will give away the value that they have created. They will either pass this value to the buyer in lower prices or it will be absorbed by higher costs of competing (Porter, 1991). Michael Porter has provided a framework that models an industry being influenced by the five forces which will give below. That helps the strategic business manager to develop an edge over rival firms as this model helps in understanding the industry context in which firms operate. Figure 1 shows the five forces model: Barriers to Entry: Time and cost of entry: When launching a product time is the most essential thing. The launch of NANO is a good example since demand for small cars is on the rise of the market. Cost of entry actually means the initial capital that would be required to setup a new firm is very high. Knowledge and technology: It is from knowledge and technology that firms get competitive advantage over others. Tata motors have great knowledge and technology because of the experience they had and also from the fact that they have done few mergers and acquisitions over the last few years. Product differentiation and cost advantage: The new products should be attractive and different to be accepted by customers. Attractiveness can be measured by feature, price etc. NANO car price is one of its things which are very attractive for customers at the moment. Buyers: Switching costs: In the case of NANO the switching cost from bike to car is high. Thus increasing the demand of the car. Number of customers: Few buyers can dictate their terms. The bargaining power of buyer is higher if there are a lot of choices available to the buyers. In the case of NANO the price tag that it has got no compromise have been done at front. Brand Image: The brand image of Tata company is one of their strength in the market. Suppliers: Number of size of suppliers: Suppliers give raw material to the company, if there are few suppliers then they can set high prices to capture the profit. The NANO car has 128 suppliers in all. Unique product/service: Suppliers industry is dominated by few substitutes. Some parts of the Tata motor cars are obtained from few suppliers and limited substituted are available to their product. Competitive Rivalry: Price competition: Advertising battles can increase the demand in the industry, but may be costly to small competitors. NANO is the only player so it has the price competition but as the Maruti and Honda are planning to launch a car in the same segment so price competition will start. Product quality and number of diversity of competition also effect the competitive rivalry. (Charles Hill 2009)Strategies can be made but the real thing is to make sure that theory works in practicality, for this purpose monitoring and evaluation system is used for an organisation to have a check on policies and procedures through out the time. If an organisation does not care about how well it is doing or about what impacts it is having, why bother to do it at all? Monitoring and evaluation allows you to assess the quality and impact of your work, against your action plans and your strategic plan. In order for monitoring and evaluation to be really valuable, you do need to have planned well Conclusion: Given the intensity of competition and fast changing business environment in the segment, the world over, the acquisition, undoubtedly, is a strategic fit for Tata motors, as far as its globalization gambit is concerned. And, the number one spot, which it is aiming at, may not be far away. But of course, it would have to put its best cup forward. The hybrid strategy is used by the company in various industries, it involved a higher degree of organisational excellence and integration of all the departments. Here the strategy of the group is to maintain the cost of raw materials as lowest as possible and to achieve the lowest cost of final products. The group also invested a huge amount in research and development in order to achieve the highest degree of quality at the lowest price.

Andy Warhol :: Biography Biographies

andy warhol1 Biography On August 6, 1928, Ondrej and Julia Zavacky Warhola gave birth to their son, Andrew Warhola, in Forest City, Pennsylvania. Ondrej and Julia came to the United States from Czechoslovakia where he worked as a construction worker. The family later moved to Pittsburgh where Andrew suffered from several nervous breakdowns throughout his teen-aged years. Overcoming this he graduated from high school and enrolled in the Carnegie Institute of Technology where he graduated in 1949. After graduation he lived in several Manhattan apartments and met Tina Fredericks, the art editor of Glamour Magazine. His early jobs for the magazine were several drawings. Andy drew shoes as an assignment in 1949 for an article named, â€Å"Succes is a Job in New York,† and the credit mistakenly read, â€Å"Drawings by Warhol.† Andy soon changed his surname to Warhol. Andy’s other work included drawings for advertising in various magazines, such as Vogue and Harper’s Bazzar, book jackets, and holiday greeting cards. As his work grew so did his fame, and in 1952 his first solo exhibition was held at Hugo Gallery featuring his drawings to illustrate stories by Truman Capote. Soon he was designing sets for theatre groups, publishing his own books, and beginning to paint. In 1960 his first paintings were based on comic strips. Using the Dick Tracy comic strip, he designed a window display for Lord and Taylor. At this time major art galleries around the world were beginning to notice his work. In 1962 his paintings of dollar bills and Campbell soup cans were included in an important exhibition of pop art, The New Realists, which was held at Sidney Janis Gallery in New York. After three years of painting Andy dived into a new medium of work and began making his first film with his assistant Gerald Malanga. He also produced am album for the band, â€Å"The Velvet Underground and Nico.† He was working with multimedia and a show soon developed, which featured â€Å"The Velvet Underground and Nico† center stage with Andy’s films projected while colored lights of images fell over the band. Because of the publicity from the show more of Andy’s films began to be seen and shown in commercial theatres. On June 3, 1968 Andy was shot by actress, Valerie Solnis, who appeared in Andy’s movie, â€Å"I, a man.† He survived the shooting after spending two months in the hospital.

IELTS Essay On Fast Food

Modern habits and lifestyles demand that we achieve many more goals and targets every day. Our iPhone, tablet, GPS and laptop enable us to communicate instantly, get instant answers and have access to instant information. We live very fast lives and many of us want this to extend to our eating habits. Fast food allows us to eat ‘tasty’, economic, convenient meals in a very short time. This is a vexing problem for health professionals and governments globally because, despite advances in scientific research, which tells us how bad a poor diet is for our health, the incidence of obesity is reaching epidemic levels in parts of the world, such as America, Europe and even parts of Asia, and much of it is due to an increased consumption of fast food.Disregard for the advice of health professionals is a malaise that can be directly linked with our modern world and its stressfully quick lifestyle and the highly successful, perhaps too successful, marketing and production of high fat, high sugar, low-nutrient food.What can a government do? They can manage their system of taxation to encourage the provision of healthy cafes, restaurants and fast food outlets. Conversely they can ‘punish’ unhealthy fast food companies with heavier taxation. They can also change the law with regard to the amount of sugar and fat that is allowed in prepared foods.With a determined and sustained campaign to improve people’s awareness and understanding of the dangers of fast food, authorities might do much to ameliorate the situation. However longterm and long-lasting dietary change would need to be part of a wider campaign to promote not just ‘slow' healthy food but a slower pace of life generally.

Colloid Examples in Chemistry

Colloid Examples in Chemistry Colloids are uniform mixtures that dont separate or settle out. While colloidal mixtures are generally considered to be homogeneous mixtures, they often display heterogeneous quality when viewed on the microscopic scale. There are two parts to every colloid mixture: the particles and the dispersing medium. The colloid particles are solids or liquids that are suspended in the medium. These particles are larger than molecules, distinguishing a colloid from a solution. However, the particles in a colloid are smaller than those found in a suspension.  In smoke, for examples, solid particles from combustion  are suspended in a gas. Here are several other examples of colloids: Aerosols foginsecticide spraycloudssmokedust Foams whipped creamshaving cream Solid Foams marshmallowsStyrofoam Emulsions milkmayonnaiselotion Gels gelatinbutterjelly Sols inkrubberliquid detergentshampoo Solid Sols pearlgemstonessome colored glasssome alloys How to Tell a Colloid From a Solution or Suspension At first glance, it may seem difficult to distinguish between a colloid, solution, and suspension, since you cant usually tell the size of the particles simply by looking at the mixture. However, there are two easy ways to identify a colloid: Components of a suspension separate over time. Solutions and colloids dont separate.If you shine a beam of light into a colloid, it displays the Tyndall effect, which makes the beam of light visible in the colloid because light is scattered by the particles. An example of the Tyndall effect is the visibility of light from car headlamps through fog. How Colloids Are Formed Colloids usually form one of two ways: Droplets of particles may be dispersed into another medium by spraying, milling, high-speed mixing, or shaking.Small dissolved particles may be condensed into colloidal particles by redox reactions, precipitation, or condensation.

Discuss the importance of Human resource management (HRM) alongside the recruitment needs of a business The WritePass Journal

Discuss the importance of Human resource management (HRM) alongside the recruitment needs of a business Introduction Discuss the importance of Human resource management (HRM) alongside the recruitment needs of a business IntroductionCase Study of British Gas The role of human resource managementCase study of Scottish Power The role of Human Resource ManagementThe significance of HRM’s historical developmentHistory of Human Resource managementHuman Resource ManagementRecruitment:Traditional recruitment agencyOnline recruitment websitesHead-huntersIn-house recruitmentOrientation and InductionTraning and DevelopmentReferences:Related Introduction Human resource management (HRM) is the strategic and coherent draw to the management of an organizations most appreciated assets - the people working there who individually and collectively put into the getting of the objectives of the business. The terms human resource management and human resources (HR) have mainly replaced the term personnel management as a description of the processes involved in managing people in organizations. In plain language, HRM means employing people, developing their capacity, utilizing, maintaining and compensating their services in melody with the job and organizational requirement. Harshly Human Resource Management can be described as The comprehensive set of managerial activities and tasks concerned with developing and maintaining a  qualified workforce human resources in ways that contribute to  organisational effectiveness. (DeNisi and Griffin, 2004) Human Resource Management (HRM) is the role within an organization that focuses on staffing of, management of, and providing direction for the people who work in the organization. Human Resource Management can also be performed by procession managers. The Human Resources Management (HRM) tasks include a range of manners, and key among them is deciding the recruitment needs of a business and whether to use sovereign contractors or employ employees to fill these requirements, recruiting and training the best workers, ensure that they are high performers, dealing with performance issues. Activities also include managing your approach to employee remuneration and reparation, employee accounts and personnel policies. Usually small businesses have to carry out these actions themselves because they cant yet afford part- or full-time help. However, they should always ensure that employees have- and are aware of- personnel policies, which conform to current regulations. These policies are often in the form of employee manual, which all employees have. Case Study of British Gas The role of human resource management To control a successful large business involves acquiring, developing and maintaining a wide range of assets. These capitals include materials, buildings, land, equipment, technology and, people. Any establishment needs good workforce who has the right skills to get the company’s aims and objectives. Human resource management (HRM) is the business function that focuses on the people characteristics of an organisation. It is responsible for ensuring that an organisation has the right people to carry its overall business plan. Centrica, the parent corporation of BGS, has to deliver long-standing productivity. Its shareholders expect the business to show a return on their investment by making profits, now and in future. BGS needs to add to these profits. This means time after time meeting the needs of its customers with comparatively priced products and services that give good returns to the company. BGS’s core customer base is housing consumers across the country. These c ustomers suppose to top-class service at fanatical prices. If BGS does not meet this model, the company may lose business to competitor. To ensure customer liking, BGS engineers must have the technological skills to undertake work to the obligatory standard and the people skills to take away good customer service. Through its engineer enrolment team, the British Gas Academy must therefore ensure that the company attracts and retains the best engineer. This involves several harmonizing tasks. It requires setting up to assess the BGS’s future needs for skilled employees. It requires a recruitment and selection programme to bring new people into the company. It requires a training operation to prepare new recruits and existing employees with the right skills. Case study of Scottish Power The role of Human Resource Management People are one of the most important resources used by any organisation. Scottish Power recognises that it is powered by people. Human Resource Management (HRM) is apprehensive with organising and looking after people in the place of work. On a day-to-day basis this includes recruitment, selection, training and development and assessing staff presentation. An important part of HRM is staff planning. This involves getting the right people in the right position at the right point in time. It also involves identifying the numbers of people required to enable the business to operate at full effectiveness. These people need to have the right skills to do the profession. Part of labour force planning therefore involves planning growth opportunities. Growth increases the skills of the current workforce. The energy industry is changing quickly which means it is important to recruit and train people with the ability to carry out new jobs. This is particularly essential in the growing renewable energy sector. Scottish Power aims to offer a positive recruitment and selection experience for every employee and potential employee. Scottish Power is committed to equal opportunities for everyone regardless of factors such as race, sex, age or disability. The significance of HRM’s historical development History of Human Resource management The history of human resources management had startedapproximately end of 19th century when the protecting representatives had come into life form they are all women’s and are only Worried about the defence of rest of the women’s and children effected their harshness of industrial conception had an effected coupled with pressures arising from the extension of the franchise, the power of trade unions and the labour association, and the disturbance of progressive employers, often Quakers, for what was called ‘industrial betterment’. As the role grew; there was some stress between the aim of moral defence of women and children and the needs for higher output. The First World War accelerates change in the growth of personal management with women being recruited in huge numbers to fill up the gaps absent by men going to battle, which in turn meant reaching agreement with trade unions and accepting unskilful women into craftsmen’s jobs and changing manning levels. During the 1920s, jobs of ‘labour manager’ or ‘service manager’ came into being in the business industry and other industries where there was a large industrial unit, to handle absence, recruitment, dismissal and queries over bonuses and so on. Employers’ federations, mostly in engineering and shipbuilding, negotiated general pay rates with the unions, but there were local and regional variations, and it was a lot of scope for disputes. During the 1930s, with the economy started to pick up big corporations in these newer sectors saw the value in improving employee benefits as a way of recruiting, retaining and motivating employees. However, older industries such as textile shipbuilding, etc. which were hit by the worldwide recession did not adopt new techniques, seeing no need to do so because they had no difficulty in recruiting labour. The 2nd World War brought about interests and staff work on a permanent basis at all establishment manufacturing war materials because an extended Ministry of Labour and National Service insisted on it, just as the Government had insisted on voluntary workers in weapon factories in the previous clash. The government saw the specialist personal management as part of the drive for greater efficiency and the number of people in the personnel function grew significantly; there were around 5,300 in 1943. By 1945, employment supervision and voluntary work had become included under the broad term ‘personal management’. Experience of the war had shown that output and productivity could be influenced by employment strategy. The role of the Human function in war time had been mainly that of implementing the rules demanded by large-scale, state-governed production, and thus the image of an emerging profession was very much a bureaucratic one. Following the development of poor industrial relations during the 1960s a Royal Commission under Lord Donovan was set up. Reporting in 19681, it was critical of both employers and unions; personnel managers were criticised for lacking negotiation skills and failing to plan industrial relations strategies. At least in part, Donovan suggested, these deficiencies were a consequence of management’s failure to give personnel management sufficiently high priority. During 1960s and 1970s employment started to develop considerably. At the same time personnel techniques developed started using theories from the social sciences about recruitment and selection, motivation and organisational behaviour etc. Selection testing became extra broadly used, and management of training long-drawn-out. During the 1970s, speciality fields started to develop, with reward and benefits. Around the mid-80s, the term ‘human resource management’ arrived from the USA. The term ‘human resources’ was an interesting one: it seemed to propose that employees were an asset or resource-like machinery, but at the same time HR also lead to highlight employee commitment and motivation. Today’s HR profession encompasses a number of specialist disciplines, including diversity, reward (including compensation, benefits, pensions), resourcing, employee relations, organisation development and design, and learning and development. Most recently, in developing the new CIPD HR Profession Map, the CIPD has defined ten ‘professional areas’ covered by the HR profession. Human Resource Management The Human Resources Management (HRM) now a day’s functions include a variety of manners, and key between them is deciding what staffing needs you have whether to use independent contractor or hire employees to fill those needs, recruiting and training best employees, ensuring they are high performers, dealing with performance issues, and ensuring your personnel and management practices conform to various set of laws. Activities also include managing your move towards to employee benefits and compensation, employee records and personnel policies. The organisation should always ensure that employees have and are aware of personnel policies which conform to current regulations. These policies are often in the form of employee manuals, which all employees have Human resources management comprises several processes like – Recruitment Orientation and Induction Training and development Performance appraisal Retention Recruitment: Recruitment refers to the method of screening and selecting people for a job or post within an organization. Staffing is the process of attracting qualified individuals for a specific job. The assignment of recruiting new staff is a vital but time-consuming process, so companies often prefer to hire an expert agency to source suitable candidates. The objective of a recruitment consultant is to build relationships with clients, source job vacancies, and find suitable candidates for each role. Now there are various types of methods where a company can recuruit employees Traditional recruitment agency Online recruitment websites Head-hunters In-house recruitment Traditional recruitment agency Recruitment agencies in the past have a physical location. A candidate visits a local branch for a short interview and an appraisal before being taken onto the agency’s books. Recruitment Consultants then try to match their pool of candidate to their clients open positions. fitting candidates are with potential employers. Online recruitment websites Online recruitment websites have two main features: job boards and a rà ©sumà ©/Curriculum Vitae (CV) database. Job boards allow member companies to place job vacancies. on the other hand, candidates can upload a rà ©sumà © to be included in searches by member companies. Fees are charged for job postings and access to search resumes. In recent times the recruitment website has evolved to encompass end to end recruitment. Key players in this sector provide e-recruitment software and services to organisations of all sizes and within numerous industry sectors, who want to e-enable entirely or partly their recruitment process in order to improve business feat. Head-hunters Head-hunters are third-party recruiters often taken when usual recruitment efforts have failed. Head-hunters are usually more belligerent than in-house recruiters. They may use higher sales techniques, such as firstly posing as clients to gather employee contacts, as well as visiting applicant offices. They may also purchase expensive lists of names and job titles, but more a lot will generate their own lists. They may arrange a candidate for the interview, help negotiate the salary, and conduct conclusion to the search. In-house recruitment Larger employers tend to take their own internal recruitment, using their Human Resources department. In addition to coordinate with the agencies stated above, in-house recruiters may advertise job opportunity on their own websites, coordinate employee referral schemes, and/or focus on campus graduate recruitment.). Otherwise a large employer may choose to outsource all or some of their recruitment process. Orientation and Induction New employee orientation is the process you use for salutation a new employee into your organization. New employee orientation, often spearheaded by a meeting with the Human Resources department, generally contains information about security, the work environment, the new job account, benefits and eligibility, company culture, company history, the organization chart and anything else relevant to working in the new company. Traning and Development In the field of  human resource management,  training and development  is the field anxiety with organizational action aimed at bettering the performance of individuals and groups in  organizational settings. It has been known by several names, including  employee development,  human resource development, and  learning and development. In simple terms, training and development refers to the instruct of unambiguous skills, capacity and information to an employee. A formal definition of training development is†¦ it is any attempt to improve current or future employee performance by increasing an employee’s ability to perform through  knowledge, usually by changing the employee’s attitude or increasing his or her skills and knowledge. The need for training development is determined by the employee’s performance shortage. 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